Index

INDEX Abanga ’Ndak, sacred grove of, 35, 258 Abassi (the Supreme God), 255 Abassi Adue, the case of, 55 Abassi Ekong, the story of, 49-50 Abassi Esuk (God of the Beach), 303. 3io Abassi Isua (God of the Year), 242, 267 Abassi Obumo. See Obumo Abassi Umaw Etuk, Chief, 39, 42 Abassi of Akaiya, Chief, 69-70 Abassi of Ndiya, Chief : on magic plays, 72, 76 ; story of attack by ghost, 133 Abe Eket (sacred tree), 278 Abia Idiong (magician priest), 139, 177 Abiakpaw, the, 37, 216, 2x7 ; penal code of, 216, 217 Adam, Dr. T. B., 210 Adat Ukot (Juju), 228 Adebom (town), food tabu in, 225 Adiabo tribe, the, 315-317 Adiaha (evil spirit), 187, 190 Adiaha Udaw Anwa, cure of wounds of, 235 Adukum (town), 301 Adultery, penalty for, 216-217, 220 Adut ’Nsitt (village), 321-322 Afa Atai, people of, and the Ibeno, 288-289 Afa Eket, people of, and the Ibeno, 287-288 Afaha Esuk (town), war with Ikonor, 236, 241 Afaha Ubium, resistance to roadmaking at, 261-262 “ Affinities,” 7, 10, 43-44, 87-109 ; tabu on eating, 222. See Crocodile, Fish, Snake, Wild-boar, etc. Afia Ikpa “ medicine,” 218 African Association, the, 259, 280 294 African Mail, quoted, 265, 277 Agbo, Edward, 193 Agbo Society, the, 199-202 Age-classes, Ibibio, 215 Ainyena, sacred grove of, 284-285, 286 Ajak Adaw (phallic symbols), 275 Aka Akong play, story of origin of, 82-86 Akai (town), shrines at, 276 Akai Odudu (male spirit), 37 Akaiya (town), secret society at, 185 Akaiya Creek, 319 Akan, marionette play, 76-79 Akanam (warrior medicine man), legend of, 240-241 Akap Idu, Chief, 261, 262 Akpabio Udaw Adio, story of, 229- 230 Akpan, the story of, 111 AkpanEyuk Uyo, the story of, 82-86 Akpan Ibok (Juju man), 227 Akpan Ikpe, “ image ” of Ekkpo ’Njawhaw cult, 189-190 Akpan ’Njawhaw (the Eldest-born Destroyer), 181, 183, 187 Akpan Orok, case of, 190-191 Akpan Umana, Chief, 261, 262 Akpara (the rainbow), 255 Akwa posts, 36, 127, 189 n. Akwa Obio Effiatt (town), 308 Akwa Yafe River, 304 Aldebaran, native name for, 255 Ale (Ibo earth-goddess), 276 n. Alluvial land formation, 1-2, 4, 279- 280 Altars, sacrificial, 8 Amadeonha (Ibo thunder god), 276 n. Anamfa (Juju), 98 343 344 LIFE IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA Anandum (nature spirits), 20 Anang tribe, the, 20 ; knowledge of charms and poisons, 121, 270 ; punishments for murder and adultery, 216, 217 ; sacrifices to evil spirits, 63 Anantia (Juju), 36 Ancestor worship, 118, 123, 126, 127-132,161-162,168,228; figures of ancestors, 127-128, 168 ; offerings and libations to ancestors, 118, 126-127, 130, 131-132, 168; spirits of ancestors seen, 125, 127, 178 Angwa-Angwa (evil spirit), 187, 190 Angwa Obo (Jupiter), 255 Angweme (’Mbiam), 54 Animals : astral souls projected by, iio-iii ; human souls in form of, see Affinities and Were-beasts Animism of West African negro, 19 Animm (nature spirits), 20, 98 Annesley, Consul, 18 Antelope, tabu on eating, 221-222 Ant-heap, symbolical, 36, 37 ; home of evil spirits, 321 Anthropology, importance of the study of, 232 AntikkaAntikka, case of, 53,124-125 Anyan (Juju), 225, 226, 336, 337 Aristophanes, quoted, n Armstrong, Vice-Consul, 294 Asaba (snake-souls), 89 Astral souls, projection of, 88, no, 119 ; by animals, iio-iii ; by trees, 111-118 Atabli Inyang (Juju), 50 Atabong (town), 32, 315-317 Atakpo (Ndemm), 35 Atebio (town), 17 Awa (town), 41 ; play at, 76-82 ; power of Ekkpo ’Njawhaw Society in, 189, 190 Awa (Ibibio), tribe, the, 5 n.i Awai of Idua Oronn, 210 " Awat Ikpon, the Battle of,” 290 Awawa (tidal bore), 306 Awkonner, Chief, 103, 261, 262 Awkonner tree, magic and affinities of, 103 Awlawrun (Juju), 13 Awtaw Awkpaw (’Mbiam), 54 Babylonian inscriptions and parallels to Ibibio beliefs, 18, 28, 123, 125, 126, 131, 133 Barrenness, the curse of, 13 ; observances believed to remove, 26-29,38,39, 126-127,253,283, 337 Beards, plaited, 128, 212 Bedwell, Mr., 295 Benin, dread of millipedes in, 226 Betrothal ceremony, 203 Beverley, acting D.C., 295, 296 “ Bidding Prayer,” analogy to, 82 Bigongji, burial customs in, 143 Bill, Mr., 283 Bird affinities, 102, 104-105, 327 Bird dances, 79-82, 163-164 Bird-play, the, 16, 79-82 Bird worship, 12-13, I5> 16, 163-164 Birth observances and tabu, 204, 205 Blood, the magic efficacy of, 127, 242-244 Blood oath, the (’Mbiam oath), 46, 244, 261, 266 Blue clay in Eket District, 274 Body-snatchers, 150 Bogs, 2, 327 Bonny kings, the, 287, 290 sqq., 294 Bores, river, legends of, 305-306 Bourchier, —, 293 Brothers, story of feud between, 328-330 Budge, Sir E. A. Wallis, quoted, 17, 143, 274-275 Buffaloes, 233 Burial customs, 60-61, 142, 143-145, 146-151, 152-157, 168; Ibeno, 287; secret burial, 148, 149, 157, 185-186, 245 Burning, sacrifice by, 184-185 Bush fires, 248-249 “ Bush-soul,” the, 88, 102 Cactus, power of, against witches, 122 Calabar District, 5 ; graves in, 154 ; moon legends in, 254, 255 ; seven tribes of, 159 ; tutelary spirit of, 37 Camwood: offering of, against barrenness, 126-127 ; powder of. used to remove the aged, 145-146 ; as tree totem, 102 Canoes, 306-307 ; capsized by river Jujus, 44, 53 ; evil spirits in, 306, 307 ; the phantom canoe, 305 ; the “ war canoes ” joke, 280-281 Casement, Roger, 293 Cauliflorous flowers, fertilisation of, Character: education and, 341 ; environment and, 2, 339 Chicomecohuatl, festival of, 242 Chiefs, death and funeral ceremonies of, 139-140, 142-144, 146- 150, 152-168, 198-199. 250, 333- 334; graves of, 152-154, 156- 157; human sacrifices to, 140, 142, 148, 149-150. 153. x54> 198, 257. 333-334; memorials to, 143, 167-168 ; secret burial, 148, 149, 157 Childbirth, 204 ; women who die in, left unburied, 151 Children : birth of, 204 ; compelled to eat apart from elders, 227 ; naming of, 27, 211-212 ; observances believed to bring, 26-29, 38, 39,126-127,253,283, 337; suckling of, 210-211 Chineke (Ibo god), 13 Christianity, the spread of, 6, 232, 256-257, 283 Chuku Abiama (Ibo god), 13 Circumcision, practice of, 204, 212, 275 Clairvoyance, native powers of, 67- 69, 177 Clemens Alexandrinus, quoted, 223, 226 Clitoridectomy, practice of, 204 Cloth strip attached to hand of corpse, 143-144 Clothes, the symbolism of, 67 n. Comets regarded as portents, 255 Cookey Gam, Chief, 291, 294 Coral used in funeral ceremonies, 155-156 Corn, spirits of the, 188 Cosmic Egg, the, 11 Cotgrave, Captain Farmer, 269 n. Cotton trees, the homes of spirits, 36, 273 Courts, Native, cases in, revealing native beliefs and practices: animal “ affinities,” 101, 106-109 ; ghost stories, 132 ; human sacrifices, 149-150, 183-184, 185 ; a life for a life, 240 ; ’Mbiam, the power of, 53, 55-56; palm-nut tabu, 189; secret societies, attacks on nonmembers by, 190-192, 194-198 ; family sold into slavery to pay Idiong fees, 171-172; witchcraft, 56, 62-63, 64-65, 65-67, 101, 122, 123-125 Crawfish, sacrifices to ensure catches of, 53, 3i7 Crawford, Copland, 165 Creation myths, 8-10 Cremation ceremony, 61-62 Crocodiles : " affinities,” “ croco¬ dile men,” 93, 95, 96-98, 101, 105 ; jujus able to assume forms of, 21, 51; tabu on eating, 220-221, 227 ; tree-trunks as cover for, 99-100 Crop sacrifices, 3, 38, 267, 279 Crops, 219 Cross River, the, 1, 293, 304, 318,319 Dances ; bird, 79-82 ; “ short-tail ” and “long-tail,” 163-164; war, 245 Dancing, witchcraft in, 66-67 Dayrell, Mr., 100 Dead, the: the abode of, 128-129, 140-141 ; as guardians, 237 ; worship of, 123, 126, 127-128, and see Ancestor worship Death, concealment of, 149, 155 Death and funeral ceremonies, 139- 169. See Burial, Graves, etc. Debt, punishment for, 217 Declaration of war, 237-239 Deforestation and methods of farming, 4-5 Dennet, R. E., 9 Derceto, the myth of, 91 “ Devil’s powder,” 58 Devils : play given to expel, 246-247 ; rite used in summoning, 58-60. See Evil spirits Diodorus Siculus, quoted, 229 Divination and diviners, 67-69, 132, 177 Divorce, 211 Djaolo, Chief, 143 Douglas, A. C., 259, 260, 261, 262 ; letter by, 293-296 Dreams: injuries sustained in, 119- 120; the soul’s enemies and guardian spirits in, 125-126 Drum call used to recall townsfolk, !93 Drums, tortoiseshell, 182 “ Dry,” a term of disparagement, 7 Dryads (see Tree spirits), 20, 315 Duke, Chief Magnus, 327 Eagles : “ affinity ” or totem, 7 ; cult of, 15, 164 ; guardians of sacred places, 10, 14 ; form of Thunder God, 11. See Fish-eagle Eakin, W. W., 6, 23, 47, 48, 49, 89, 141. r46. 230, 231, 232, 272, 273 Ears, blood drawn from, for ritual purposes, 242, 245 Earth Goddess, the, 3, 13, 15, 228 Earth spirits, 20-21 Ebere women, 77 Ebighi Okkobbor (town), 313 Ebiribong tree, the, 114-115, 266, 3I4-3I5 Ebughu (town), eagle cult at, 15 Ebughudo, the priestess, 33 Eburupabi (Juju), 225 Ectoplasm bodies and explanation of belief in metamorphosis, 87 1 Edak Ekpenyong, the case of, 55 Edebom (town), new farm ceremony at, 245 Edehi ’Nion, Chief, 259 Edi Ikott (wild-boar souls), 92 Edi Tuak ’Ndokk, play of, 246-247 Edogho Afa, Chief, 287 Edogho Eket, Chief, 38, 261 Edogho Ukwa, sacred pool and grove of, 37-39, 112 Education, functions of, 340-341 Efa Abassi Ibaka, Chief, 51 Efa Ekkpo (sacred tree), 285 Effiatt Island, 292, 293, 305, 335 Effiatt tribe, the, 5 n. 1 ; the Adiabo and, 316-317 Efik tribe, the, 5, 164, 309 ; ancestor worship of, 128, 168 ; bride- price and wedding gifts of, 203 ; “ bush-souls ” of, 88; debt, punishment for, of, 217 ; houses of, 219 ; language of, 5 ; mutilation inflicted by, 217 ; old age among, 145; sacrifices of, 13; skulls of slain enemies brought home by, 244 Efuk (Ndemm), 37 Efut tribe, insect souls of, 106 Egbo Mbit Ibit (Ndemm), 39-41 Egbo Society, the, 16, 159 ; funeral ceremonies of, 148, 155-168 ; originally a woman’s society, 162, 164, 170 Eggs : used in divination, 70-71 ; symbolical, 10, 11, 12, 13; tabu on, 11, 13, 226, 337 Egret “ affinity,” 104 Egyptian parallels to Ibibio beliefs and ritual, 15 ; bird dresses, 164 ; burials, 143 ; phallic worship, 275 ; sacred serpents, 16-17, 89 ; the soul, 88 Eiku Society, 199 Eka Abassi (Mother of God), 7, 8-9, 11, 12, 13, 21, 36 Eka Ekkpo (Mother of Ghosts), 187- 188, 190 Ekang Society, 199 n. 2 Ekarre 'Nkanda (the great hoop of Egbo), 167 Eket District, 1, 279 ; alluvial land formation, 1, 2, 4, 279-280 ; blue clay of, 274 ; Ekkpe symbols in, 170 n. ; flora of, 2, 298-299, 310, 311, 319-320; history of, 291-297 ; Ibibio of, 5, 88 ; route to, 256 ; sleeping sickness in, 272-273 ; twin mothers in, 205 Eket Station, 279, 292, 293-296 ; Eket-Ibeno road, 279-297; Oronn- Eket road, 258-78 Eket tribe, the, 5 n. 1 ; “ affinities ” of, 89, 91-92; debt, punishment for, of, 217 ; Iduans and, war between, 278; murder, penalty for, among, 216 ; mutilation inflicted by, 217 ; Oyubia attacked by, 262-263 ; priesthood of, tradition of, 336-338; rainbow regarded as a portent by, 255 Ekkpe (Leopard) Club, 88, 128, 216, 217 Ekkpo (ancestors), representations of, 127-128 Ekkpo Afai (ghosts of the unburied), 151 Ekkpo 'Ndemm Isong (Isong Society), 181-182 Ekkpo ’Njawhaw Society, 170, 183- 199 ; assaults by, 190-19S ; funeral rites of, 184, 185, 198-199; human sacrifices by, 183-186, 188-189, 195 I yam tabu of, 225 Ekoi, the, 264, 265, 266 ; Animm (nature spirits) of, 6, 20 ; of Cameroons, precedence of, at Egbo rites, 159 ; houses of, 219 ; Nimm worship of, 170, 286; palm trees revered by, 18 ; shadow superstition of, 119; women once dominant among, 162, 170 Ekong, David, 283, 286 Ekong Isemin, case of, 53 Ekong ’Nyang, Chief, 259 Ekong Society, 170,178-181; funeral rites of, 143 ; human sacrifices by, 179, 180, 181 Ekpe Esien, case of, ioi Ekpuk (compounds), 215 Ekuere Eka Obong, case of, 106- 109 Ekwekwe, the (tree spirit), 112 Electric fishes. 19 Elephants, 287; pigmy, 51,311-312; tusks of, 148 Endogamy, traces of, 212-213 Entete, the trader, 311 Environment, character and belief, 2, 339 Enwang, Chief, 289 Enyinehi, Chief, 112, 262 Esa, case of, 64-65 Esere bean, ordeal by eating, 218 Esit Obo Uda (Juju), 35 Estuary sacrifices, 283 Esuk Inwan Akaiya (twin-mother town), 323 Esuk Orraw (female spirit), 36 Ete Abassi (Father God), 13 Etebio (town), 260, 261 ; human sacrifices at, 260 Etetim Ene Okon, murder of, 325 Eti Ekkpo (protecting spirits), 125 Etifit Engwang Society, 54 Etu (the mud bird), 70 Etubum Idiong (the vulture messenger), 174 Etuk Ekenn (Juju), 31 Euripides, quoted, 14 Evil spirits : origin of, 187-188; protection from, 125, 126 ; sacrifices to, 60, 63, 188-189 I three kinds of, 123 ; in trees, 273 Ewonga Ekkpo (second burial), 142 Eyen Akan Inyene, the name of, 205 Eyet Enwa ceremony, 160-161 Eyeyek (the talking tree), 114-115 Eyo Abassi (town), 313 ; fire play at, 249-250 Eyudaw (town), 36 Factories, 259, 292, 293-295 Farming, 219 ; wasteful methods of, 4-5, 219 Farms, new, festival of, 13, 37, 44, 127, 188, 245 Fatting-house, the, 203-204 Featherman, A., quoted, 246 Feathers as sacred symbols, 7, 9, 10, 16, 25, 52, 234 Feminine origin of secret cults, 162, 164, 170 Feminism originally predominant, 77, 162, 170 Fertility : cult of, 26, 27, 32, 36, 274-276, 284, 304 ; Ndemm, the giver of, 22, 32 ; observances to ensure, 26, 36, 38, 39, 126-127, 282-283, 337; symbols of, 7, 10, 11, 12, 17, 32, 36, 274-275 Fetish. See Juju Filial piety, story of, 333-334 Fire : farms cleared by, 4-5, 219 ; household, 250, 252 ; story of the coming of, 250-252; worshipof, 249 Fire plays, 249-250 Fish : “ affinities,” 91-92 ; electric, as cure for fear of thunder, 19 ; sacred, 7, 25, 27, 30, 43, 228-231, 321 ; tabu on eating, 223, 226 Fish-eagles : “ affinities ” or totem, 7, 105 ; guardians of sacred places, 10, 14, 231, 234 Fishing season, human sacrifices at opening of, 257, 281, 308, 309- 3IO> 3i7 Flora of Eket District, 2, 298-299, 310, 311, 319-320 Food, offerings of, set out for ghosts, 130, 131, 168 Food tabu, 11, 13, 220-228, 234, 337 Foran, Dr., 230, 232, 270, 272, 273 Fosbery, Widenham, 294, 308 Fowls : poisoned, 270 ; tabu on, 11, 13, 226, 337 Frazer, Sir J. G., quoted, 242, 245 Funeral ceremonies, 60, 141, 142, 143-145,146-151, 152-169; human sacrifices in, 140, 142, 148, 149- 150, 153, 154, 198, 257, 333-334 : of secret societies, 143, 146-150, 154-168, 182 Gaia (the Earth Mother), 12, 181 Geographical environment and racial character, 2, 339 Ghosts : of ancestors, 125, 127, 178, 281 ; boy stolen by, 132; in canoe, 305; of the creeks, 136-138; friendly, 125-12 7 ; the ghost-girl, 133 - 135 I “ medicine ” against, 243, 245; ghost-men, 63 ; offerings made to, 10, 130, 131, 168, 245 ; enticed into pots, 129 ; shadowless, 119; ghost towns, 128-129, 140-141, 305; of the unburied, 151 ; wayside attacks by, 129 ; of young men, 129-130 Ghost’s Road, 2, 327 Gnats, talking, 308 Goats, spirits of, returned, hi Goats’ blood, draught of, 244 Grass land belt, 311 Graves, 152-154,156-157; Ibeno, 287; secret, 148, 149, 157, 185-186, 245 Groves, sacred, 7, 9-10, 35, 37, 258, 284-285, 286, 287, 304 Guardian spirits : ancestral, 125, 126-127; astral, animals and trees, 111-118 Guides, false, 258 Haddon, A. C., quoted, 234, 315 n. 2 Hair-clippings used in witchcraft, 65 Harford, John, 291, 293, 294 Harrison, J. E., quoted, 11-12, I4'I5» 163-164 Harvest festival rites, 13, 21, 188, 189 ; human sacrifices in, 188-189, 257 Head-hunting, 244 Heads, mummified, 179, 180 “ Helen of Troy,” 210 Hell’s Gate, 2, 327 Hen used in divination, 70-71 Henshaw, Chief Daniel, 17, 94 ; adventure of, at Odun Ukaw, 323- 327 ; breaks conspiracy against District Commissioner, 265, 266, 269 ; beliefs, customs, history and legends related by : "affinities,” 92-93, 97, 104, 106; charms for capturing the soul, 120-121 ; driving out devils, 246- 247 ; graves of chiefs, 154 ; opening up of Kwa Ibo River, 291- 292 ; Ndemm, 22 ; Oronn warfare, 236-237 ; the Oronn-Eket road, 258-262; rope-walking plays, 75 n. ; twin-towns, and the fate of the twin-mothers, 205-210 ; were-creatures, 92-93, 97,104,106; witchcraft, 57-59, 120-121 Henshaw, Chief Joseph, 291 Henshaw, Chief Richard, 259, 260 Henshaw Town, Calabar, 78 ; ceremony of driving out devils in, 246-247 Hereditary priesthood, 27, 35, 42, 43, 283, 285-286 Hewitt, Consul, 291, 293 Hill, Captain, 324, 326 Hoe, the magic, 64 Holdich, Sir Thomas, 339 Homer, quoted, 24, 253 Hope-Waddell, Rev., 246 Houses, native, 219 Human Alligator Society, 95 Human sacrifices, 257, 335-336 ; at burial of chiefs, 140, 142, 148, 150, 153. 154. 198, 257, 333-334 1 at coming-of-age of Ibeno youths, 242 ; for crawfish catch, 53, 317; to the dead, 128 ; fishing season, 53, 257, 281, 308, 309-310, 317 ; at harvest festival, 188-189, 257 ; to Jujus, 17, 37, 51, 54, 260, 283, 285 ; at new yam festival, 17, 22, 181, 242, 257, 267, 279 ; to palm tree, 3 ; in sacred groves, 284, 285 ; of secret societies, 179-180, 181, 184-185, 186, 188-189, 195 ; unblemished, 179, 180, 281 Hunters, food tabu of, 223-224 Huts, symbolical, 9, 10, 321, 323 Ibak Ekkpo (evil spirits), 123 Ibeno District : opened up to trade, 291-292; Ibeno-Okon Ekkpo route, 298-312 Ibeno tribe, the, 5 n. 1, 282-293 ; burial customs of, 285, 287 ; human sacrifices by, 242 ; tribute paid to the Eket, 287-288 Ibiaku (town), plays invented at, 78, 79 Ibiaku Itan(town),food tabu,225-226 Ibibio, the, 5-6, 295, 297 ; age- classes of, 215 ; appearance of, 5-6 ; chiefs of, taken as priests, 336, 337 ; expeditions against, 336, 337; inheritance among, 218 ; language of, 5 ; old age among, 130, 145-146 ; as poisoners, 270-271 ; population of, 5 ; prophetic powers among, 68-70 ; slaves of, 218 ; tribes of, 5 ; war customs of, 233-239, 241-242, 244; women originally predominant among, 77, 162, 164, 170 Ibibio ’Nkita people, the, 152 Ibo, the, 5 ; adultery, punishment of, among, 217; magic plays of, 72 n., 73 n., 79 ; palm trees sacred to, 18; shrines of, 276 n. Ibokk (" medicine ”), 21, 63, 123 Ibokk Edem Idiong, Chief, fish- eagle “ affinity,” 105 Ibokk Ibakpa (" medicine ”), 98-99 Ibokk ’Nduoho (" medicine ”), 65 Ibokk Ukponn (Juju), 252 Ibum (Ndemm), 98 Idaw Imuk, Chief, 178 Idemm (collective term for dead members of secret societies), 128 Idemm (Juju), 306 Idemm Ekkpe (past members of the Ekkpe Society), 128, 170 n. Idemm Ekpo ’Njawhaw, representation of, 189 n. Idiokk Ikott (place for the unburied), 151 Idiokk One, Chief, 118 Idiong crown, 176, 177 Idiong men : storm stones used by, 18 ; Umaw Eti and, 331, 332, 333 Idiong Secret Society, 71, 170, 171- 178, 216 ; debt settlement by, 2x7 ; initiation ceremonies of, 27, 172-177 ; vulture cult in, 16 Idong (quarters of a town), 215 Idua Asang (town), 31, 313; food tabu in, 221-222 Idua Eket, market of, 278 Idua Oronn (town), 256, 291 ; crocodile man of, 93, 95, 256-257 ; diviner of, 67-69 ; guardian tree of, 113-114 ; Juju man of, 93, 95, 256-257 ; new yam feast at, 275 ; Situ’s death at, 94-95 ; witchcraft in, 66-67, 256-257 Iduans, the : sacred tree of, 278 ; wars of, 278, 313 Ifott (witchcraft), 57 Ika, the sword, 165 Ikon Ito (town), tabu on eating crocodiles at, 220-221 Ikonor (town), war with Afaha Esuk, 236, 241 Ikot Ako Anyan people, priests of, 336-337 Ikot Akpa-Atekk (town) : human sacrifices of, 335-336 ; slave trade of, 335 Ikot Akpa Ofuk (town), Juju of, 227, 228 Ikot Asan (town), 293 Ikot Ekpene (town), 217 Ikot Ekpene Udaw (town), food tabu in, 225 Ikot Eyo (town), fire play of, 249 Ikot Iko Ibun (town), assault cases at, 191-193, 194-198 Ikot Ndua Iman (town), 39, 40-41 Ikot Oboyo, sacred water at, 41 Ikot Ubiuk (village), war " medicine ” of, 233 Ikot Udaw Ede (town), sacred tree of, 241 Ikotobo (town), 272 ; chief of, funeral ceremonies of, 146-148; chiefs of, friendly, 230-231, 232, 261-262; cotton trees of, 273; sacred pool of, 22-30 ; Ikotobo- Eket road, 272-278 Ikott Ekkpo (place for the unburied), 15 x Ikpe ’Nwa Etuk, Chief, case of, 194, 195, 196-197 Ikwita (town), 313 ; sacred tree of, 114 " Images ” of secret societies, 189 Inam (seclusion ceremony), 140 Inaw, Chief, 177, 178, 241 ; ancestral spirit in Idiong shrine of, 177-178; story of the sun and moon by, 252-253 Incest, 213, 228 Inheritance among Ibibio, 218 Initiatory ceremonies, Idiong, 172- 177 Insect souls, 106 Inua Abassi creek and town, 308 Inuen Okobo (bird Juju), 16 Inyang (Ndemm), sacred water of, 42-44 Inyang, Chief, 102 Inyang Edue (’Mbiam), 54 Isiu (Juju), 36 Isong (Mother Earth), 3, 37, 248 ; symbol of, 13, 15 Isong Society, the, 170, 181-182 ; funeral ceremonies of, 147-148,182 Isu Abassi Ekong (sacred place), 179 Isu Ma, Abbassi (Goddess of tlie Face of Love), 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 231 Isu Ndemm (Juju), 11, 12, 13, 226 Ita Brinyan (Juju), 50-53, 304 Itak (town), 322 ; skull trophies at, 244 Itiatt Esuk (Ndemm), 32 Ja Ja, King, 290, 291, 292-293, 294 James, Chief, 303 James, Sir Frederick, 258-259, 295, 296 James Town, 303, 304 ; drum in Egbo shed of, 182 Johnston, Captain, 184 Johnston, Sir Harry, 5, 102, 292 Jujus, 20-56; appeal to, by criminals, 217-218 ; bird Juju, 16; as crocodiles, 21, 51 ; debt recovery by power of, 54 ; earth spirits, 20-21 ; environment and belief in, 2, 339 ; human sacrifices to, 17, 37, 51, 54, 260, 283, 285 ; lustre ware sacred to, 243 ; ’Mbiam, 21, 22, 46-56, 2x7 ; Ndemm, 20-22, 31-44, 123 ; sleeping sickness caused by, 54, 229 ; snake Juju, 90-91 ; Juju stones, 260 ; swelling caused by, 54 ; storm Juju, 18; tabu and, 11, 225, 226 ; tree Jujus, see Tree spirits ; war Jujus, 233-234 ; water Jujus, 2, 21 ; white rule and worship of, native view, 34-35, 41, 187, 321 ; women kept faithful by belief in, 40-41 Jupiter, native name for, 255 Kalahari, the, 2io«, Kalevala, the, 8, 12 King Boars, 92-93 King’s Ring, the, 147 Kingsley, Mary, quoted, 125, 243 Kipling, Rudyard, 90 Kola nuts, warning of danger by, 238 Kukubarakpa (serpent familiar), 17, 90 ; story of, 90-91 Kwa Ibo River, the, x, 279, 287, 289, 304, 305, 319 ; bore of, legend of, 305-306; history of opening up of, 289-296 Lake of the Dead, the, 23, 35 Lake of Life, the, Ikotobo, 22-30 Land, communal tenure of, 219 Language and dialects, Ibibio, 5 Laws, native, 216-218 ; tabu and, 220 “ Leaf-man,” the, 284 Leathern tankard as fetish mask, 193-194 Leaves, magic, 13, 18, 129, 233 Leonard, Major, 178 Leopard Society, Sierra Leone, 95 Leopards : ” affinities ” of, 106 ; gall of, a poison, 313 ; guardians of sacred places, 7, 10, 25, 33-34, 231, 278 ; shadow shape projected by, no ; small-pox beach avoided by, 308 Libations to ancestral spirits, 132 Life for life, law of, 239-240 Lightning, the messenger of Abassi, names for, 255 Linnaeus, 24 " Long tail ” dance, the, 16, 163, 165 Lugard, Sir Frederick, 340-341 Lustre ware, Juju, 243 MacDonald, Sir Claude, 294 M'Eachan, Mr., 292 Mackintosh, Captain, 289 Magic, 63-65 ; sympathetic, 220, 235. 274 *' Magic ” plays, 72-86. See Plays Malay fishermen : on bores, 306 n. ; on spirits of ships, 307 n. ; tabu language of, 99 Malay funeral customs, 155 “ Mana,” the indwelling soul, 6 Managu, graves at, 152 Mangrove and palm contrasted, 3-4 Manillas, 13, 39, 140, 149, 220 Manslaughter, punishment for, 216 “ Marionette ” plays, 76-82 Marks, tribal, 215 Marriage customs, 203-204 Masks : funeral, 147, 198 ; worn in plays, 80, 81-82, 187 Materialisation of spirits, blood and, 127, 242 Mathews, Mr., 78, 152, 195 Mats, sacred symbols, 7, 9,10, 22, 315 Mbembe, the, Esere bean ordeal of, 218 ’Mbiam, cult of, 21, 22, 46-56, 217 ; human sacrifices of, 51, 54 ; the blood oath, 46, 244, 261, 266; the waters of, 47-49 ’Mbio Okpono (village), fish tabu in, 226 Mbo River, the, 50, 303 ’Mbong ’Mfiong Akpabio, assistant Court clerk, 152 " Medicine,” 21, 63, 64 ; against evil spirits, 129, 243 ; against fire, 249, 250 ; of ’Mbiam cult, 46, 55 ; to win favour of parents- in-law, 213-214 ; against robbers, 63-64 ; against the soul, 120-121 ; to raise storms, 18 ; in trial by ordeal, 218 ; in war, 233-234, 235, 331 ; against were-crocodiles, 98- 99 ; in witchcraft, 57, 58, 120-121 Mediums and possible explanation of metamorphosis, 87 n. 1 Memorials to chiefs, 143, 167-168 Menstruation, segregation during, 228 Metamorphosis. See “ Affinities,” etc. Meteorites used in divination, 17- 18, 177 Miller Brothers, agency of, 290, 292 Millipedes, native dread of, 226-227 Miscarriage caused by witchcraft, 123-124 Missions, Christian, success of, 6, 232, 256-257, 283 Mkpa Owo (first burial), 142 ’Mkpang Utong, oracle of, 304 ’Mkpokk (town) : slave trade of, 335 I white men’s skulls at, 335 Mom Chow Tanaya, ghost story told by, 136-138 Monkey souls, 105 Months, names of, 254 Moon, the: beliefs regarding, 253, 254 ; full-moon plays, 75, 253- 254 ; the legend of the Moon- bird, 12-13 Morning Star, the, native name for, 255 Moro burial customs, 143-144 Mosquito souls, 106 Mother of the Town, the (sacred tree), 47 Mud bird, the, 70 Mud-fish, 302 Mummified heads, 179, 180 Murder: punishment of, 216; ritual, 277 Murray, Professor Gilbert, quoted, 14 Murray Island, rain - making in, 315 n. 2 Mutilation, practice of, 217 ’Nabikum effigies, 246, 247 Nail clippings used in witchcraft, 65 Names, tabu on, 99 Napoleonas of Eket District, 298- 299, 310 Nassau, Rev. R. H., 29 Nature spirits, 20. See Ndemm ’Nda Okkobbor (town), 313, 314 ’Nda Usung (the Watcher of the Road), 188 ’Ndaw Edi (King Boar souls), 92-93 Ndemm (naturespirits), 20-22,31-44, 123 ; the “ Lake of Life,” 22-30 ’Ndemm ’Nyenn, Chief, 33, 265, 301, 302 , ’Ndemm Oisong (sacred tree), 3x5 Ndiana Obbong (sub-chiefs), 215 Ndidipp (Juju), 34, 35 Ndiya (town), 11 ; food tabu at, 225 Ndiya tribe, the, 5 n. 1 ’Ndu, Chief, 212, 213 New farm festivals. See Farms New yam festivals. See Yams Ngwewepp leaves, sacred, 13 Ngwumaw (Ngwumu) Ufak (me- irtorials to chiefs), 143, 168, 275 Nimm (Nature-goddess), 286 Nimm Society, the, 170 Njenn Nsekk (“ Small Children ”), effigies, 188 Nka (age-classes), 215 ’Nka ’Nditaw secret society, the, 185 ’Nkanda (grade of Egbo Society), 156, 157, 167 ’Nkpatan (Juju), 33 'Nkwa market, the story of, 278 Non-members, secret societies and, 161, 165, 166, 167, 172, 182, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196 Noon, power of ghosts at, 133 Nostrils, the, as passages for the soul, 122 Nsitt tribe, the, 5 n. 1, 23 ’Ntara Inyang (town), 260 Nte Nte, on soul-snaring, 120 Ntit Oton (village), 144 ’Nyampke Egbo (Juju), 161, 166 Obak Etifit, case of, 123-124 Oban District : flora of, 2, 299 ; “ Lake of the Dead,” 23, 35 Obbong (Chief), 215 Obbonn Society, the, 199 n. 2 Obio Iban Iban (town), 76 Obodu (town), 291 Obonn (Juju), 225 Oboyemi (Juju), 308 Obreawong festival, the, 285 Obrowum (lightning), 285 Obstetrics, native, 204, 2x1 Obumo (the Thunder God), 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 27, 181, 255, 285 ; human sacrifices to, 17 Obuoho, on the Ebughu people, 15 Oddokk Abassi (the rainbow), 255 Odu Amayak, case of, 65-66 Oduko (town), sacred trees of, 114- 117 Odun Ukaw (town), murders in, 324-327 Offiong Esuk, case of, 66 Offott (sacred fish), 228, 321 Okatt factory, 292 Okkobbor tribe, the, 5«. 1, 159, 314; endogamy among, 212-213 ; figures of ancestors of, 127-128 Okkonn tribe, the, 5 n. 1 Oklo (the “ Brass Egbo ”), 167 Oko, Chief, 295 Okon Eduek killed by crocodile, 95. 98 Okon Ekkpo (James Town), 303 Okova (skull-worship), 127 Okpaka Ekkpo (ghosts of the unburied), 151 Okpaw Ebiribong, the story of, 114- 115 “ Oku ” (high priest) of Ikotobo, 27, 28, 29 Okuakama Egbo (Juju), 166, 167 Okum (silk-cotton tree) “ affinity,” 103 Okum Ukponn Owo (sacred tree), 117-118 Okun, story by, 333-334 Okung (musical instrument), 147, 173 Okuru cloth, 67 n. Okut Ibeno (woman’s Juju), 284 Old people: attitude of Ibibio to, 145-146, 150; food tabu for, 224- 225, 239 ; in war-time, 239 Omens, belief in, 70-71 Omphalos, the, 15 Onossi settlement, phantom canoe of, 305 Onyong (the sky god), 285 Opobo (town), Ja-Ja’s raids from, 290, 291, 292-293 Oracles : of bird-cult, 16 ; of sacred grove, 304 ; of sacred tree, 289 Orion, native name for, 255 Oronn-Ekett main road, 258-278 Oronn tribe, the, 5 n. 1 ; burial customs of, 61 ; conspiracy of chiefs of, 263-267, 268-269; human sacrifices chosen from, 179 ; farm work of, 219 ; feast of Abassi Isua of, 242 ; figures of ancestors of, 127-128; prophetic powers of chiefs of, 69 ; tabu on new yams among, 225 ; twin-mothers of, 205-210 ; warfare, method of, 237, 241 Orphic worship, 12 Orutin Asang (Ndemm), 31 Osari bird, the, 96 Osiris and the serpent, 16-17 Osung Atanan, Chief, 324, 325 Owo Ekere Aduoho, case of, 132 Owok Afai (burial-place), 144 Oyoho (ghost hut), 167-168 Oyster, symbol of determination, 9, 10 Oyubia (town) : endogamy case in, 212-213 ; the Eket entrapped at, 262-263 ; new yam feast at, 267- 268; guardian trees at, 112; “war- shed ” of, meetings of Oronn conspirators in, 263, 264, 265, 266 Palm trees : contrasted with mangroves, 3-4 ; sacred, 3, 18, 289 ; talking, 117 Pangwe, the, 17 Parents-in-law, “ medicine ” to win favour of, 213-214 Parkinson, John, 274 Parrot “ affinities,” 104-105 Peace, the making of, 239, 241-242 Peacock’s feathers in Egbo rites, 156, 163, 164 Penal code, native, 216-218 Pepper, warning of danger by, 23S, 239 Perjury, punishment for, 40 Peter Peregrinus, 342 Phallic symbols and worship, 17, 36, 128, 274-276 Pigeons, poisoning by means of, 270 Plantain tree, the tree of Life, 120, 175 ; effigy of dead chief made from, 149 ; in Idiong rites, 174, 175; tabu on, 225 Playgrounds, town, 47 Plays : Edogho Ukwa play, 39 ; Egbo play, 158-168; Ekkpo’Njaw- haw play, 187, 189, 199 ; play to expel evil spirits, 246-247 ; fire plays, 249-250 ; full moon plays, 253 ; funeral plays, 142, 145, 147- 148, 150, 155, 158-168, 182 ; ghost play of Afa Atai, 288 ; “ magic ” plays, 72-86 ; war plays, 244, 245 Poisoning : attempts on District Commissioner, 269-270 ; native skill in, 270-271 Poisonous fruits, 235-236 Pools and waters, sacred, 23, 39, 41, 54 ; of Edogho Ukwa, 37-38 ; “ Lake of Life,” Ikotobo, 22-30; of ’Mbiam, 47-49, 50, 54 ; of Ndemm Inyang, 41-45 Portuguese slavers, 335 Pots, symbolical, 7, 9, 10, 13, 39, 128, 143, 170 n., 189 n., 321 Powder, magic, of invisibility, 58, 233 “ Priest who slew the slayer,” the, 336-338 Priestesses, 13, 33 Priesthood, hereditary, 27, 35, 42, 43, 283, 285-286 Property, inheritance of, 218 Prophecy, powers of, 67-68, 69-70 Punitive expeditions, 112, 232, 295, 297 Pythons : “ affinities,” 43-44, 89, 90- 91 ; guardians of sacred places, 7, 10, 16-17, 25, 89, 231, 278 ; treasures in care of, 89 Rainbow, symbolism of, 255, 315 Rain-making, 35, 40, 225, 247, 255, 315 n. 2 Rape, punishment for, 217 Rat souls, 106-108 Read, Crewe, 295, 296 Red-skinned natives, 102-103 Reincarnation, belief in, 26-27, I29> 149, I51 Riches, how to secure, by witchcraft, 58-59 Ritual murders, 277 River spirits, 2, 41, 42 Robertson, A. A., 290 Rock Jujus, 25, 35 Rope-dancing in magic plays, 75 Ross-Brown, Captain, 258, 262 Sacred groves, pools, etc. See Groves, Pools, etc. Sacrifices, 13, 21, 22, 242, 243-244, 245; to ancestors,!23,126,131-132; to the dead, 123, 126; human, see Human sacrifices ; passed round the head, 245, 246 ; to the sun, 252-253 ; to trees, 3, 34 ; unblemished, 60, 179, 180, 281 ; white, 42 Sacrificial altars, 8 Sade (a snake soul), 90 Salt, warning of danger by, 238- 239 Sampson, Major Winn, 259, 260 Sanctuary, places of, 9, 35-36, 258, Sanya, the story of, 136-138 Scapegoat, the, principle of, 245 Sea, the: a Juju, 282-283; Jujus of, 2 Seasons, the, symbols of, 9-10 Seclusion ceremony, 139-140 Secret societies, 88, 128, 170-202, 216,217,265; funeral ceremonies of, 143, 146-150, 154-168, 182 ; human sacrifices by, 179-180, 181, 184-185, 186, 188-189, 195 ; nonmembers and, 161, 165, 166, 167, 172, 182, 190, 191, 194, 195, 196. See Egbo, Ekkpo ’Njawhaw, Idiong, etc. Seeds as symbols, 9, 10 Self-mutilation in phallic worship, 275 Seligman, Dr. C. G., 212 Serpents : ” affinities,” 43-44, 89, 90- 91 ; guardians of sacred places, 7, 10, 16-17, 25, 89, 231, 278 ; of Kwa River, 305-306 ; worship of, 16-17 Sex emblems, 13, 36, 128, 274-276 Shadow, the, an emanation of the soul, no, 111-112, 119 Shango (Yoruba God of Thunder), 13, 18 n. 2 Shells, sacred, 227 ; as symbols, 9, 10, 13 “ Short tail ” dance, the, 163 Sickness : caused by evil spirits, 129 ; cured by ancestral spirits, 125, 126-127; fire as “ medicine ” for, 252 Silk-cotton tree “ affinities,” 103, 113 Simpson, E. D., 334 Situ (the Yoruba steward), 94-95. 100, 257 Skeat, W. W., quoted, 99, 155, 306 n., 307 n. Skulls, human, 7, 9, 10, 128, 244 ; in Juju rites, 51, 52, 53, 257-258, 322, 323 ; valued by secret societies, 150, 175-176, 180, 181, 244-245 ; white men’s, 335 ; worship of, 127 Slave trade, the, 335 Slavery : family sold into, to pay Idiong fees, 171-172 ; Juju used to reduce free-born wife to, 55-56 ; as penalty for crime, 216 Slaves, 218 ; sacrifices of : at burial of chief, 140, 142, 148, 150, 153. I54> 333-334 > at coming-of- age, 242 ; at new farm festival, 37 ; by secret societies, 186 ; sanctuary for, 35, 258 ; skulls of, worshipped, 127 Sleep, the soul's wanderings during, 119, 120, 125-126 Sleeping - sickness camp, Ikotobo, 272, 273 Small-pox beach, the, 308 Snake skins, symbols, 9, 10 Snake souls, 89, 90 Snakes : “ affinities,” 43-44, 89, 90- 91 ; guardians of sacred places, 7, 10, 16-17, 25, 89, 231, 278 ; worship of, 16-17 Soul, the : souls of beasts and trees, projection of, 110-119; human souls : able to leave body, 57, 58, 119, 120 ; in form of “ affinities,” 7, 10, 43-44, 87-109, 222, 231 ; disembodied, after death, 123 ; three in number, 87-88, 119; witchcraft practised to ensnare, 120-122, 125-126, 233; the indwelling soul of all things, 6, 22 Spider Play, the, 79-82 Spirit world, the, 140-141 Spirituality of West African religions, 340 Stapf, Dr. Otto, F.R.S., 299 Stars, native names for, 253, 254- 255 Staves carried in Egbo funeral rites, 163-165 Stealing, death inflicted for, 200, 201 Stevenson, R. L., echo of Requiem of, 130 Stones : ancestor symbols, 128 ; sacred, 7, 10, 12, 15,32-33, 38, 260, 286 “ Storm stones,” 18 Stubbs Creek, 282, 287, 310 Suicides, burial of, 144 Sun-worship, 252-253, 254 Symbolism of clothes, the, 67 n. Symbols, native religious, 9-10, 13, 15, 37. I28, 174, 182 Sympathetic magic, 220, 235, 274 Syrians, the, sacred fish of, 229 Tabu, 220-232 ; affecting children, 34-35.37. 55. 56, 205-210,228, 273; on crocodile’s usual name, 99 ; food tabu, 11, 13, 220-228, 234, 337 ; tabu language, Malay, 99 ; on palm nuts, 189 ; during magic play, 74 ; imposed by secret societies, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 170-171, 172, 182, 189, 190, 191, 194. 195. 196 l during war, 223, 234, 242, 243 Tagalogs, the, peace oath of, 46 n. Talbot, D. Amaury, 10, 12 ; quoted, 11, 199 n. 1, 203 Talking insects, 308 Talking trees, 114-115, 117 Tatterbong, Chief, 101 Teeth-filing practised, 215 Theft, punishment of, 200, 201, 216, 217 Thompson, Mr., 294 Thompson, R. C., quoted, 18, 28 Thunder, superstitions regarding, 255 Thunder God, the. See Obumo Thunder stones, 17-18, 177 Tibullus, quoted, 267 Tom Shott, 293, 305, 335 Torque and ornaments, bronze, 303- 304 Tortoise and tortoise-shell, emblematic, 13, 37, 174, 182 Totemistic tabu, 220, 221-222, 225, 228 Totems : bird, 104-105 ; cow, 146, 148 ; tree, 102, 103. See “ Affinities ” Town playgrounds, 47 Trading, native, 219-220 Tree “ affinities,” 102-104 Tree spirits, 10, 34, 103, 104, 112, 114,116,273,278,285,289,304,314 Tree trunks, crocodiles disguised as, 99-100 Trees : sacred, 3, 10, 17, 34, 47, 103, 104, m-118, 273, 278, 285, 286, 289, 304, 314-315 ; souls pro- j ected by, 111 -114 ; talking trees, 114 Trial by ordeal, 217-218 Tribes of the Ibibio, 5 Tusks, elephants’, 148 Twins, tabu on, 34-35, 37, 55, 56, 205, 228, 273 ; their mothers killed or outcast, 37, 205-210, 323 ; Oronn " twin - towns,” Chief Daniel Henshaw and, 205-210 Twist, the agent, 294, 295 Ube Okkobbor (town), 314, 315 Uben Ekang (town), 282 Ubio Owo (men-killers) club, 244 Ubium River, the, 1, 319 Ubium tribe, the, 5 n. 1, 23, 266, 320 ; sacred fish of, 230-231, 232, 320-321 Uda (town), 33, 34, 302 ; Juju- house at, 33, 34 Udaw (evil spirit), 187, 190 Udaw Afia, the story of, 328-330 Udaw Akan Society, the, 75 Udaw Atiata, Court Messenger, 191, 192, 193 Udaw Eka Ete, the story of, 35-36 Udaw Owudumo, stories told by, 82-86, no-in, 133-135, 250-252, 288-289, 328-333 Udaw Ufet Etuk ’Nwa ’Nwa, case of, 171-172 Udo Eket, Chief, 295 Udokk Ekkpo (the Ghost’s Door), 188 Uduan Ekkpe (Juju), 106 Ufere (sacred stones), 38 Ukataran (town), funeral rites at, 198-199 Ukpa (Juju), 269 Ukpan (guardian trees), 112-113 Ukponn (shadow or soul), 119 Uman Ibeno (sea goddess), 282-283 Umaw Eti, story of, 330-333 Unburied, the, ghosts of, 151 Unyenga (town), 312 Urua Eye (town), 35, 309 ; ’Mbiam of, 54 ; Ndemm of, 35 Urua Ita (village), 287 Uruan, the, 216 Usan Idan (the bowl of the arrow), the sign of Itiatt Esuk, 32 Ushabtiu, Egyptian, counterparts of the, 143 Usiak Ekkpo (second burial), 142 Uson Obuma (the Road of Storms), W Usun Ekkpo (the Ghost’s Road), 327 Uten Ekkpo (carved stick), 188 Utip (town), Ja-Ja at, 291 Utughu (the Spider Play), 79-82 Uworraw-Ukponn (power of metamorphosis), 88 Uya-Oronn (town), sacred tree of, 117-118 Vainamoinen and Obumo, 8-9 Vegetation spirits, 20, 22, 188. See Tree spirits Vegetation worship, 284-285. See Farms, Groves and Trees, Sacred, and Yams Ventriloquism in magic plays, 75-76 Venus, native name for, 255 Virgin birth, in Ibibio myths, 8, 11, 12, 181, 187 Votive offerings, phallic, 275-276 Vultures : ancestral spirits in, 164, 173-174 ; worship of, 16, 164 War: ceremonies and practices during, 233-242, 244 ; food tabu during, 223, 234 “ War canoes,” story of the, 280-281 War dances and plays, 244, 245 War god, the, Society of, see Ekong Society ; human sacrifices to, 179- 180, 181 War-shed, the, at Oyubia, meetings of conspirators in, 263, 264, 265, 266 Water spirits, 20, 21, 282-283 Water-ways, unknown, 279-280, 3W-323. 327 Watt, James, 295 Watts, George, 291, 292 Weeks, Ibibio, 254 Were-beasts, 43-44, 87, 88-101, 105- 119, 120 n., 222. See “ Affinities ” Whalebone as symbol, 9 White, the colour of the sky, 95 White rule and ancient observances, native opinion on, 34-35, 41, 187, 321 White sacrifices, 42, 283 Whitehouse, Mr., 208, 262, 293, 324, 326 Widenham Creek, 282, 308, 310 Widow sacrificed, 142, 147, 154 Wild-boar “ affinities,” 92-93 William, Court Messenger, 191, 192, 193 Williams, Mr., 289, 291 Wind, the, gods of, n, 12 Witchcraft, 57-67, 218, 324 ; to enter “ affinities,” 90 ; barrenness or miscarriage produced by, 123-125, 211; Court cases concerning, 56, 62-63, 64-65, 65-67, iox, 122, 123-125 ; dancing witchcraft, 66-67; evil spirits raised by, 58-59, 63 ; “ medicine ” used in, 57, 58, 120-12i ; perjury in charge of, punished, 40 ; powder of invisibility used in, 58 ; soul ensnared by means of, 120-122, 125- 126; trial by ordeal for, 218; against witnesses, 64-65 Witch doctors, 18, 57, 58, 60, 64-65, 67-69, 90, 227, 240-241, 331, 332, 333 Woman’s Mysteries of a Primitive People, quoted, 11, 199 n. 1, 203 Women : barrenness of, observances to remove, 13, 26, 38, 39, 126-127, 283, 337 ; betrothal and marriage, 203-204 ; blood of men hidden from, 243 ; childbirth, 151, 204 ; farm work done by, 219 ; fertility worship of, 7, 12, 284 ; fish “ affinities ” of, 91-92 ; food tabu affecting, 222, 224, 225, 228 ; Juju worship and faithfulness of, 40-41 ; magicians, 76 ; marionette secret hidden from, 79 ; milk produced by, 210 ; originally predominant, 77, 162, 164, 170 ; priestesses, 13, 33 ; sacred groves closed to, 284 ; secret societies and, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 170-171, 182, 185-186. 194. 195, 196, 197, 198, 199; tabu affecting, 222, 224, 225, 228, 234, 284 ; twin mothers, 37, 205-210, 323 Woodroffe, —, 295 Wounding, punishment for, 216 Wounds, treatment of, 234-235 Xenophon, quoted, 229 Yams: new yam festivals : harvest, 44, 127, 180-182, 190, 257, 278, 284, 322, 337 ; planting, 22, 38, 39, 242, 257, 267-268 ; human sacrifices at, 17, 22, 181, 242, 257, 267, 279 ; tabu on, 225, 337 Yoruba tribe, the : libation to meteorites by, 18 ; neolithic celts in shrines of, 18 n. 2 ; skilful poisoners, 271 ; serpent cult of, 16 THE END Printed in Great Britain by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.